HS Code 1901.90 : Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other
MODULE 2: EXTRACTABLE ANSWER (AEO / SPEAKABLE)
EN (Official WCO)
FR (Pending)
ES (Pending)
The 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) code for malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, other is 1901.90. Under the 2026 United States (USITC HTS), the representative MFN general duty rate is 3.2¢/liter [USITC HTS 2026].
MODULE 3: SIGNATURE A: HS DECODE VISUAL HIERARCHY
Chapter 19
Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included
Heading 1901
Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included
Subheading .90
.90
Other
MODULE 4: SIGNATURE B: TARIFF MATRIX
Import Duty Rates by Destination
United States (USITC HTS 2026)
1901.90
MODULE 5: US IMPORT DUTY & FEE BREAKDOWN (LANDED COST STACK)
Federal Import VAT / GST
0.00%
US Has NO Federal VAT
Notice: Duty rates and trade remedies change frequently (Section 301, Section 232, anti-dumping orders, de minimis thresholds). Duty calculations are estimates for informational purposes only. Always verify exact rates with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) or a licensed customs broker prior to import.
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MODULE 6: Mandatory Customs Entry Document Matrix
Rule-Derived Customs Entry Package Checklist
UNIVERSAL DOCUMENT
Commercial Invoice
Itemized description, currency, Incoterms, seller/buyer details, and country of origin.
UNIVERSAL DOCUMENT
Packing List & Bill of Lading
Gross/net weight, container/seal numbers, piece count, and transport B/L or Air Waybill.
AGENCY-CONDITIONAL (PGA)
FDA Prior Notice / USDA Phytosanitary Cert
Rule-derived from verified PGA flag: Mandatory prior notice filing and health certificate.
MODULE 7: Regulatory Compliance & Partner Government Agency (PGA) Flags
ACE PGA Message-Set Flags:
FDA (FOO): Prior Notice (PN) + Food Facility Registration
Official ACE program code: ACE/PGA [FDA 21 CFR 1.276].
MODULE 8: Trade Remedies (Section 301, Section 232, AD/CVD)
China Section 301 Tariff Status
0% Additional Duty (Exempt)
Section 232 Steel/Aluminum Status
Exempt (Non-Metal Commodity)
EU CBAM Carbon Alert
Not in Scope
MODULE 9: Free Trade Agreements (FTA) & Rules of Origin (RoO)
| Agreement Code | Trade Agreement / Program | Preferential Rate | Rules of Origin (RoO) Requirement |
|---|---|---|---|
| P | United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) | Free | Must meet USMCA Regional Value Content (RVC) or tariff shift rules. |
| KR | U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS) | Free | Direct shipment from South Korea with KORUS Certificate of Origin. |
| AU | U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement | Free | Wholly obtained or tariff shift rule under US-Australia FTA. |
| A / D | GSP / African Growth & Opportunity Act (AGOA) | Free | 35% local value-add requirement for beneficiary country origin. |
MODULE 10: Logistics, Freight & Transport Specifications
Standard 20ft Container
~28 CBM / 28,000 kg Payload
Standard 40ft High-Cube
~68 CBM / 28,600 kg Payload
Stowage Factor & Handling
Standard commercial packaging for Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other
MODULE 11: Official CBP CROSS Binding Classification Rulings
No ruling cached for HS 1901.90.
Query the live U.S. Customs and Border Protection e-Rulings database:
Search Live CBP CROSS Database for 1901.90 →US National HTS Tariff Lines (1901.90)
| HTS Code | Description | General Rate | Special (FTA) Rate | Column 2 Rate | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901.90 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other | Free | Free | Rate on request | — |
| 1901.90.10.00 | Other, Malt extract, Fluid | 3.2¢/liter | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E, IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S, SG) | 26¢/liter | liters |
| 1901.90.20.00 | Other, Malt extract, Solid or condensed | 9.6% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 60% | kg |
| 1901.90.25.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Puddings ready for immediate consumption without further preparation | Free | Free | 30% | kg |
| 1901.90.28.00 | Other, Dry mixtures containing less than 31 percent by weight of butterfat and consisting of not less than 17.5 percent by weight each of sodium caseinate, butterfat, whey solids containing over 5.5 percent by weight of butterfat, and dried whole milk, but not containing dried milk, dried whey or dried buttermilk any of which contain 5.5 percent or less by weight of butterfat | 0.37¢/kg | Free (A,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 12.1¢/kg | kg |
| 1901.90.32.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Cajeta not made from cow's milk | 11.2% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 35% | kg |
| 1901.90.33.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Margarine cheese, Described in general note 15 of the tariff schedule and entered pursuant to its provisions | 10% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 20% | kg |
| 1901.90.34.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Margarine cheese, Described in additional U.S. note 23 to chapter 4 and entered pursuant to its provisions | 10% | Free (A+,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 20% | kg |
| 1901.90.36.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Margarine cheese, Other | $1.128/kg | Free (BH,CL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PE,SG) See 9823.04.01-9823.04.54 (S+) See 9908.04.05 (IL) See 9918.04.50-9918.04.59 (CO) See 9919.04.50, 9919.04.57, 9919.04.67 (PA) | $1.328/kg | kg |
| 1901.90.60.00 | Other, Other, Dairy products described in additional U.S. note 1 to chapter 4, Dairy preparations containing over 10 percent by weight of milk solids, Described in general note 15 of the tariff schedule and entered pursuant to its provisions | 16% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 25% | kg |
| 1901.90.61.00 | Other, Other, Dairy products described in additional U.S. note 1 to chapter 4, Dairy preparations containing over 10 percent by weight of milk solids, Described in additional U.S. note 10 to chapter 4 and entered pursuant to its provisions | 16% | Free (A,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 25% | kg |
| 1901.90.62.00 | Other, Other, Dairy products described in additional U.S. note 1 to chapter 4, Dairy preparations containing over 10 percent by weight of milk solids, Other | $1.035/kg +13.6% | Free (BH,CL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,SG) See 9822.04.25 (AU) See 9823.08.01-9823.08.38 (S+) See 9918.04.60-9918.04.80 (CO) | $1.217/kg + 16% | kg |
| 1901.90.63.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Dairy products described in additional U.S. note 1 to chapter 4, Other, Described in general note 15 of the tariff schedule and entered pursuant to its provisions | 16% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 25% | kg |
| 1901.90.64.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Dairy products described in additional U.S. note 1 to chapter 4, Other, Described in additional U.S. note 10 to chapter 4 and entered pursuant to its provisions | 16% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 25% | kg |
| 1901.90.65.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Dairy products described in additional U.S. note 1 to chapter 4, Other, Other | $1.035/kg + 13.6% | Free (BH,CL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,SG) See 9822.04.25 (AU) See 9823.08.01-9823.08.38 (S+) See 9918.04.60-9918.04.80 (CO) | $1.217/kg + 16% | kg |
| 1901.90.66.00 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Other, Described in general note 15 of the tariff schedule and entered pursuant to its provisions | 10% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E, IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S, SG) | 20% | kg |
| 1901.90.67.00 | Other, Other, Other, Other, Articles containing over 65 percent by dry weight of sugar described in additional U.S. note 2 to chapter 17, Described in additional U.S. note 7 to chapter 17 and entered pursuant to its provisions | 10% | Free (CO,KR,OM,PA,PE,S) | 20% | kg |
| 1901.90.68.00 | Other, Other, Other, Other, Articles containing over 65 percent by dry weight of sugar described in additional U.S. note 2 to chapter 17, Other | 23.7¢/kg + 8.5% | Free (BH,CL,JO,KR,OM,SG) See 9822.05.20 (P+) See 9822.06.10 (PE) See 9822.08.01 (CO) See 9822.09.17 (PA) See 9823.10.01-9823.10.45 (S+) See 9822.03.01(MA) | 27.9¢/kg + 10% | kg |
| 1901.90.69.00 | Other, Other, Other, Other, Articles containing over 10 percent by dry weight of sugar described in additional U.S. note 3 to chapter 17, Described in additional U.S. note 8 to chapter pursuant to its provisions | 10% | Free (A+,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 20% | kg |
| 1901.90.71.00 | Other, Other, Other, Other, Articles containing over 10 percent by dry weight of sugar described in additional U.S. note 3 to chapter 17, Other | 23.7¢/kg + 8.5% | Free (BH,CL,JO,KR,OM,SG) See 9822.05.20 (P+) See 9822.06.10 (PE) See 9822.08.01 (CO) See 9822.09.17 (PA) See 9823.10.01-9823.10.45 (S+) See 9822.03.01(MA) | 27.9¢/kg + 10% | kg |
| 1901.90.72.00 | Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Containing over 5.5 percent by weight of butterfat and not packaged for retail sale | 10.2% | Free (A+,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E, IL,JO,KR ,MA, OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 20% | kg |
| 1901.90.91 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other | 6.4% | Free (A,AU,BH,CL,CO,D,E,IL,JO,KR,MA,OM,P,PA,PE,S,SG) | 20% | — |
| 1901.90.91.82 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Corn-soya milk blends | Free | Free | Rate on request | kg |
| 1901.90.91.85 | Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Wheat-flour-soya blends | Free | Free | Rate on request | kg |
| 1901.90.91.95 | Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other, Other | Free | Free | Rate on request | kg |
MODULE 12: Candidate Subheadings & Related Codes
| Related HS Code | Heading Category | Action |
|---|---|---|
| 1901.10 | Subheading under Heading 1901 | Compare Subheading 1901.10 → |
| 1901.20 | Subheading under Heading 1901 | Compare Subheading 1901.20 → |
MODULE 13: Industry Classification & Crosswalk Mesh (NAICS & Schedule B)
U.S. Census NAICS Code
U.S. Census Schedule B (Exports)
Official Primary Sources & Authority References
USITC HTS Chapter 19 Tariff Schedule (2026) ↗
Official U.S. 10-digit tariff lines and general duty rates for Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other.
CBP CROSS Ruling Database (1901.90) ↗
Binding customs classification precedents for Heading 1901.
MODULE 14: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) & Operational Guide
What is the 6-digit WCO tariff classification and United States (USITC HTS) general duty for Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other?
Under WCO Harmonized System 2022 and United States (USITC HTS), Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other is classified under HS 1901.90 (Heading 1901, Chapter 19). The representative US MFN general duty rate is 3.2¢/liter.
How is HS 1901.90 distinguished within Heading 1901 (Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included)?
Heading 1901 covers Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included. Subheading 1901.90 specifically isolates Other. Importers must verify whether physical characteristics, processing state, or composition require alternative subheadings under Heading 1901.
What are the primary candidate subheadings related to HS 1901.90?
Related subheadings under Heading 1901 include 1901.10, 1901.20. Classification depends on processing stage, decaffeination, purity, or material form.
What mandatory commercial entry documents are required to import Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other?
Commercial Invoice (detailing Incoterms, currency, and origin), Packing List, Bill of Lading (or Air Waybill), CBP Form 7501 Entry Summary, and a continuous customs bond are required for formal entries.
Can goods under HS 1901.90 enter duty-free under USMCA or Free Trade Agreements?
Yes. Eligible goods originating in Mexico, Canada, South Korea, or Australia enter duty-free under preference SPI codes (P, KR, AU) provided they satisfy Regional Value Content (RVC) or tariff-shift rules with a valid Certificate of Origin.
What is the US formal entry threshold for shipments of Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other?
Commercial shipments of Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing less than 40 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 percent by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, Other with a customs value exceeding $2,500 USD require formal customs entry (CBP Form 7501) and a continuous entry bond. Informal entry applies to lower values.
How can an importer obtain a binding CBP classification ruling for HS 1901.90?
Importers may submit an e-Ruling request under 19 CFR Part 177 to CBP National Commodity Specialist Division (NCSD) to obtain a legally binding tariff classification ruling prior to importation.
What FDA Prior Notice requirements apply to commercial imports under HS 1901.90?
Under the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (21 CFR 1.276), FDA Prior Notice must be submitted electronically via ACE or FDA PNSI before arrival.
How is the specific duty rate (3.2¢/liter) calculated for HS 1901.90?
HS 1901.90 carries a quantity-based specific or compound duty rate (3.2¢/liter). Customs duties are calculated based on physical net weight/volume rather than purely invoice ad valorem value.
What U.S. Census NAICS industry code corresponds to HS 1901.90?
HS 1901.90 maps to NAICS code 311942 (Other Food Manufacturing) under official U.S. Census Bureau trade concordance tables.
Does the United States assess federal VAT or GST on imports of HS 1901.90?
No. The United States does NOT charge a federal Value-Added Tax (VAT) or Goods and Services Tax (GST) on imports. Importers pay customs duty + MPF + HMF (if ocean freight).
How are Merchandise Processing Fee (MPF) and Harbor Maintenance Fee (HMF) calculated?
MPF is assessed at 0.3464% of entered value (min $32.71, max $634.62 per entry). HMF is assessed at 0.125% on ocean freight shipments entering US ports.
What is the Section 321 de minimis duty-free threshold for HS 1901.90?
Under Section 321 (19 U.S.C. 1321), eligible shipments valued at $800 USD or less imported by one person on one day enter duty-free and tax-free.
What U.S. Customs bond requirements apply to commercial entries under HS 1901.90?
Formal entries with customs value exceeding $2,500 USD require a continuous customs entry bond (CBP Form 301) to guarantee payment of duties, taxes, and fees.
What Importer Security Filing (ISF 10+2) rules apply to ocean imports of HS 1901.90?
Ocean container shipments bound for US ports require electronic ISF 10+2 submission via ACE at least 24 hours before loading at foreign ports.
How do USMCA preference rules apply to commercial imports under HS 1901.90?
Qualifying originating goods from Canada or Mexico meeting USMCA tariff-shift or Regional Value Content (RVC) rules enter duty-free under SPI code 'P'.